Anxiety Disorders
Panic Attack
The text describing the three types of Panic Attacks (i.e., unexpected, situationally-bound, and situationally-predisposed) was updated to clarify the nature of the triggers, the association between these types and particular Anxiety Disorders, and Differential Diagnosis.
Panic Disorder
The relationship between Panic Attacks and potential triggers in Panic Disorder was updated (i.e., situational triggers may be either external or internal and "unexpected" means that the individual does not immediately associate the attack with a situational trigger). The list of associated general medical conditions was expanded, the "Prevalence" section was expanded to include rates in clinical samples, and the "Familial Pattern" section was updated to include information from more recent studies (e.g., relationship between age at onset of proband and risk in first-degree relatives). Finally, the "Differential Diagnosis" section was expanded to include situations in which the person may not be able to identify the cues triggering a Panic Attack (e.g., cognitions or physiological symptoms similar to those that occurred at the time of the traumatic event in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder).
Specific Phobias
Additional information regarding comorbidity, relative frequency of subtypes in community settings, gender ratio, course (e.g., having Specific Phobia in adolescence increases the chance of having Specific Phobia in adulthood but not other mental disorders), and Familial Pattern was provided.
Social Phobia
Sections on Associated Features (i.e., suicidal ideation) and comorbidity with other mental disorders were updated. The "Associated Laboratory Findings" section was updated to clarify that no laboratory test has been found to be diagnostic of Social Phobia (i.e., original text suggesting a differential response to lactate infusion has been deleted).
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Information regarding comorbidity with other mental disorders was updated. The "Specific Age Features" section was updated to include a brief section on the subset of children who develop Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in association with Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. Additional information was added to draw on the increased body of data regarding children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g., comorbid disorders, prevalence). The "Prevalence" section was updated and expanded to include prevalence rates in children.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Associated features, comorbidity with other mental disorders, associations with general medical conditions, prevalence rates, and course (e.g., symptom reactivation in response to reminders of trauma, life stressors, or new traumatic events) were updated. A brief "Familial Pattern" section was added, describing evidence of a heritable component to the transmission of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the relationship between having a history of depression in first-degree relatives and increased vulnerability to developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Acute Stress Disorder
Additional information regarding progression to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and a range of prevalence rates in individuals exposed to severe traumas were provided.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Prevalence in clinical settings and Familial Pattern (i.e., evidence from twin studies suggesting a genetic contribution) were updated.